Correction of Sentences

Correction is a part and parcel of English Grammar. Without it all of our learning go to dog. So as a learner we should take care of  writing correct sentences.Different kinds of rules will settle  here for the learners. We hope that it will increase the knowledge of the learners and they will be able to write correct sentences.

1. Omission of Nouns:

(a) Do you know my younger brother? (Generally the learners put off  the brother 'words) (2) Give me some blotting paper.(Hence the learners put off bold word) (c) He lives in the boarding house. (The learners generally put off the word -house) (d) I had tea at his house yesterday. (Here generally have had is wrongly written.) (e) I have an urgent piece of business. (generally piece of wrongly omitted) (f) I have a pen , a pencil and other things. (Generally things remain omit wrongly.) (g) I shall go to your house today. (generally  house omits wrongly)  (h) I wrote him a letter yesterday/ I wrote to him yesterday. (Normally the bold words are wrongly omitted) (i) I shall go to Comilla, Sylhet and other place.(The bold word is wrongly omitted). (j) His house is very close to mine. (Normally house wrongly omitted.) (k) Your letter of the 8th instant is to hand. (Hence the bold word is always wrongly omitted.  (l) He applied for the free studentship. ( Here student word is wrongly omitted.)  (m) He spent the middle of the day in work.(Hence wrongly Noon used for in stead of the middle of the day)

2. Wrongly put Noun:

Wrongly added words are shown within brackets.

a) She went to the back (side) of the house. b) I was not at home (my house) c) Do you know my cousin (sister). d) I read the daily (newspaper)  every morning. e) I shall start for Dhaka this (day) morning. f) She will come back to (day) night. g) Russel lives in a mess (house). h) The clock has struck three (hours).  i) We shall have by 12.30 (o'clock) train.

3. Wrong Use: 

a) I.C= One of  his family members is died. C= One of the members  of his  family  is died. b) I.C= She has paid her schooling fees. C= She paid her school fees. c) I.C= He has been lowered in the estimate of his friends. C= He has been lowered in the estimation of his friends. d) I.C.=  He marked the variance in temperature. C= He  marked the variation in the temperature. e) I.C. =He sought admission  into the  hall. C= He sought  admittance  into  the  hall. f) I.C. = I got  my  fooding  expense. C= I got my  food  expense. g) I.C. = She promises to give me  fooding and  lodging. C= She promised promised  to give  me food and lodging. 

4. Use of inappropriate words:
a) The girl students are small in number.( Wrongly used female for girl.)
b) He dressed in shorts. ( wrongly use half pants for shorts.)
c) Good evening, have a seat please. (wrongly use night for evening.)
d) She gave me a big amount of money.( wrongly use 'number' for amount)
e) I shall buy a number of books.( wrongly use 'quantity' for number.) 
f) learn this poem by heart.(wrongly use 'memory' for heart.)
g) He is a man of action. (wrongly use 'business' for action.)
h) Women are also admitted. (wrongly use 'females' for women.)
i.) Credit the sum to my name. (wrongly use 'name ' for account.)   
(j.)  The skin of the child is hot. (wrongly use 'body' for skin.)  
k.)  This climate is good for my health. (wrongly use 'weather' for climate.) 
l.)  Hasan gave false evidence. (wrongly use 'witness' for evidence.) 
m. There is no room for doubt in this statement.( wrongly use place for room.)
n. ) There is no place in this bench. (wrongly use place for room.)
o.)  We enjoy the play. (wrongly use theater for play.)
p.) He came to me last night. (wrongly use yesterday  for last.) 
q.) He took offense at my words. ( wrongly use  insult for offense.)
r.) Keep company with good boys. (wrongly use  association for  company.)
s.)  My wife gave birth to a child . (wrongly use  family for wife.)
t.)   He is fond of literature. ( wrongly use 'has fascination for' for 'is fond of'.)
u.) He has cut one of the toes of his right foot. (wrongly use 'fingers' for 'toes'.)
v.) He is in a good condition. (wrongly use  plight for condition.)
w.)  I had no money. ( wrongly use 'taka / dollar/ rupee/ pound etc' for money.)
x.) I shall come to your place  this evening. (wrongly use  'house' for place.)
y.) One does not know where one will meet one's equal.(wrongly use 'the' for one.)
z.) The game drew numerous spectators. ( wrongly use 'audience' for spectators.)
aa.) Who broke the windo glasses? (wrongly use 'born' for  broke.)
ab.) There is very little prospect in this line of business.( wrongly use 'scope' for prospect.)
ac.) You took great pains for me. (wrongly use ' much labour' for great pains.)
ad. ) These loves are good. (wrongly use breads for loaves.)

Going on 

Infinitives 'to'

When  a verb takes "to" before it. then we called it infinitive.
Infinites are of two kinds:
1. Simple or Noun infinitive
2. Gerundial or  Qualifying  Infinitive
Simple or Noun Infinitive is used as :
i. Subject of a verb: To err is human.
ii. Object of a verb: She likes to swim. I taught him to read.
iii. Object of a preposition: He is about to die. He is about to go.
iv. Complement to verb: He seems to be an honest man.He appears to be a rich man.
v. Objective Complement: We take him to be a fool.
Gerundial Infinitive is  used to:
i. Modify an adjective:
   The old man  is too weak to walk. I am  glad to receive  your  letter. He  is ready to go.
ii. Modify a verb:
   The children went to play. We eat to live.
iii. Modify a noun:
    It is a chair to sit on. This is a house to let.
iv. Modify an adverb:
    We went to the field  to see the game. I walked fast to avail the bus.
v. Qualify a sentence:
    To speak  the truth, he  is an  honest  man. To be brief, I am ruined.
Omission of  Infinitives:  After certain verbs( let, make, need, hear, watch, see, dare) the  infinitive is omitted
As: i. I saw him go home. ii. Let him come. iii. He need not go there. iv. He made me do it.
     v. I heard him say this. vi.  We watched him go. vii. We did not let him go. viii. You dare not do it.
But the passive voice of these  verbs (except let) infinitive  'to' is used.
As: i. He was seen to go. ii. He was made to do it. iii. He was heard to say this. iv. Rahim was not  let go.
(Note :  Had rather, had better, would rather, cannot but etc.  take bare infinitive.)

• Perfect infinitives and Split infinitives: 

Perfect infinitive is  formed by using 'to have' before a principal verb.
i. I wished to  have gone there. ii. He seems to have seen better days.iii. They are reported to have done this.
 Note : Perfect infinitive is used after past tense of verbs wish, desire, hope, intend, command etc.

• Split infinitive: 

Sometimes  adverb  or  adverb phrase is used  in between infinitive and the verb  in the sentence, in that case it is a split infinitive. 
i. I request you to help me kindly. ii. I request you to do this quickly.
Data  source: Md. Moheb Ullah  +8801911011247, with the help of NCTB.

pdf files

Active and Passive Voice

Active voice: When the verb of a subject is active  its own, then we can say  it  an active voice.
Examples: I do the  work. Karim eats rice. Salma reads a book. Kobita is eating bread.


Passive Voice: When the verb of a subject  become in active  then it is called passive voice.
Examples: The work is done by me. Rice is eaten by Karim. A book is read by Salma.


NB: She  is done  the work. A book  have had  by me. She  is gone  to school. We think  these are not  voice, but  they may be some special sentence. On the other hand it does not en-broaden linguistic beauty of the sentence.

Rules of  Changing voice: 

1.     Present Indefinite

q  Object of active becomes the subject of passive voice. Subject  becomes object with possessive form and by.  Auxiliary verb am, is, are places before main verb. Main verb transforms into past  participle. in brief: 

     obj---------------- subject
     Subj ------------- by+ object
     AV -------------- am, is, are
     verb -------------past participle 

      
       Examples:     

q  Mahmooda  reads a book.
= A book is  read by Mahmooda.

q  She eats bread.
= Bread is eaten by her.

R-2.  Present Continuous:

  Object of the active voice becomes  the  subject  of  the passive voice and the subject of the active voice become object of the passive voice with by. Auxiliary verb ‘am, is, are’ places before ‘being’. Being uses for ‘ing’. Main verb will use as past participle. As:

•   I am reading a book. = A book is being  read by me.

•  He is eating rice. = Rice is being eaten by him.

•  She is doing the sum. = The sum is being done by her. 

R-3.  Present Perfect:

   Object  of active voice becomes subject of passive voice. Subject becomes object  using possessive case and by. ‘Have been and has been used before past participle.

 a. I have read a book. =A book has been read by me.

 b. He has  written a letter. = A Letter has been written by him.

R-4. Simple Past or Indefinite:

 q  Object of the active voice becomes  the  subject  of  the passive and the subject becomes object of the passive with Possessive and by. Auxiliary verb “was, were” places before past participle. Main verb transform into past participle.

     Examples:

  q  We ate rice. = Rice was eaten by us.

  q  She wrote a letter. = A letter was written by her.

   R-5. Past Progressive:

  q  Object of active  voice becomes the subject of passive voice and subject of active voice becomes object with possessive form and by. To be verb was were places before past participle. Being uses for ‘ing’.

                    Examples:

  q  I was eating rice. = Rice was being eaten by me.

  q  He was eating bread. = Bread was being eaten by him.

R-6. Past Perfect:

  q  Object of active voice becomes  the subject  of the  passive voice and subject becomes object with by. ‘had been placed before past participle.

     Examples:

  q  I had given a book. = A book had been given by me.

  q   She had loved Mr. Karim. = Mr. Karim had been loved by her.

  q  He had done the work. =The work had been done by him.

R-7. Future Simple:

  q  Object of passive  becomes subject of active. Subject becomes  object with by. Shall be/ will be places before  past participle.

      Examples:

  q  I shall give a pen. = A pen will be given by me.

  q  She will eat rice. = Rice will be eaten by her.

R-8. Future Continuous:

 q  Object becomes subject of passive voice and  subject becomes object like before  using by. To be verb ‘shall be, will be’ uses after subject. ‘Being’ uses for ‘ing’.  Then places past participle.

       Examples:

 q  I shall be loving him.

        =  He will be being loved  by me.

 q  She will be eating rice.

        = Rice will be being eaten by her.

R-9. Future Perfect:

q  Object of the active voice becomes the  subject  of the passive voice and  subject of active voice  becomes  object  using by, auxiliary  verb ‘will have been’ uses  after subject. Then uses past  participle.

     Examples:

q   I shall have done the work.

       P: The  work will have been done by me.

q  She will have eaten rice.

      = Rice will have been eaten by her.

R-10. Interrogative Sentence:

q  To change the voice of interrogative sentence , we  at first  have  to change  it into  assertive , then we change its voice and again transform it into interrogative sentence. Thus the solution solves.

                  Examples:

q  Do you read the book?

   [A: You  read the book.

    AP: The book is read by you.]

    = Is the book read by you?

q  Do you eat rice ?

   [A: You  eat rice.

    AP: Rice is eaten by you.]

    =Is rice eaten  by you?

R-11.Interrogative  with ‘wh’ word.

q  If the question word ‘who’ uses at the  beginning  of the sentence then the  question  word ‘who’ changes into ‘whom’ taking a preposition ‘by’ then we change the rest part of the sentence. But the other ‘wh’ word does not work like this. 

      Examples:

q   A: Who eats rice?

      P: By whom is rice eaten?

q   A:Who taught you English?

       P: By whom were you taught English?

q   A: What  do you want?

     P: What is wanted by you?

R-12. Negative Sentence:

q  In this case we can use after the subject and verb.

Now we can follow these sentences :

q  A: I do not like puffed rice.

   P: Puffed  rice is not liked by me.

q  A: Reza will not call you.

   P: You will not be called  by Reza.

R-13. Reflexive Pronoun:

q  Reflexive pronoun never becomes subject so it transform the following way:

q  A: He killed himself.

   P: He was killed by himself.

q  A:Salma did herself.

   P: Salma was done herself.

R-14. Imperative Sentence:

Active: Imperative	Passive: Let +S +v +pp
Do the work at once.	Let the work be done
Post the letter.	Let the letter be posted.
Shut  the door.	Let the letter be posted.
Prepare for the worst.	Be  prepare for the worst.

15. Imperative Sentence : With let
q  If let remains beginning of the  sentence ‘let’ doesn’t change but the other parts change like this.

q   A: Let him read the book.

           P: Let the book be read by him.

16. Retained Object:

q  If any verb of an active  voice  has  two objects, there any one object will be subject  and the other remains as object. It is known as retained object.

       Example:

q   A: He gave me a pen

         P: I was given a pen by him.

        = A pen was given for  me by him.

q     A: Mr. Tofazzal taught us English.
 P: English was taught to us by Mr. Tofazzal.

      NB: Indirect object always sits before direct object. If the rule            breaks,  it must take a preposition  before indirect object.

17.Quasi Passive verb:

q  The following structure follows quasi passive verb rules.

q  Structure: Sub. + be verb + adj /adv + when + pronoun + be verb  + Past participle (of main verb).

q  A: Rice sells cheap.

    P: Rice is cheap when it is sold.

q  A: Honey tastes sweet.

    P: Honey is sweet when it is tasted.

18. With cognate object:

q  Generally intransitive  verb has no object . The object that contains  by an intransitive verb is  known as cognate object.

q    A: He ran a race.

      P: A race was ran by him.

q    A:He dreamt a dream.

      P: A dream was dreamt by him.

q    A: The patient slept a sound sleep.

           P: A sound sleep was slept by the patient.

19. Uses as Causatively:

q  Sometimes intransitive verbs uses as causatively. In this case active voice is also converted into passive voice.

q  A:The trainer walked the horse after the race.

         P: The horse was walked after the race.

q  A:They have stood the table  against the wall.

         P: The table has been stood  against the wall by them.

R.20. Voice change group verb:

q  Group verbs are also convertible to passive. Look the following sentences.

q    A: Call in a doctor.

     P: Let a doctor be called.

q  A: He laughed at me.

     P: I was laughed at by him.

q  A: We should  not laughed at  the lame man.                     
   P: A lame man would not be laughed at by us.

q  A: We talked of them. 
    P: They were talked  of  by us.

R-21. Voice of  Factitive Object:

q      Voice of factitive object changes the following  way:

q      A: We made him captain.
   P: He was made captain by us.

q     A: They elected him chairman.
   P: He  was elected  chairman by them.

q     A: They made him king.
   P: He was made king by them.

R - 22. Complex Sentence.

q  Both side of complex sentence must change.

q  A: I know what he does. 
   P: What is done by him is known to me.

q  A: I ate rice and drank a glass of water. 
   P : Rice was eaten and a glass of water was drunk by me.

R - 23. Voice of infinitives:

q  Only ‘be’ uses after ‘to’ and verbs becomes past participle.

q  A: There are a lot of things to do.
P: There are a lot of things to be done.

q  A: There is no time to lose.
P: There is no time to be lost.

q  A: You have to admit this.
P: This has to be admitted by you.

R-24. Particular or exceptions:

q  A: Come here.
    P: You are requested to come here.

q  A: Go there:
P: You are requested to go there.

q  A: One should keep one’s promise.
P: A promise should be kept.           [by one =omitted]

q  A: Someone stole my pen.
P: My pen was stolen.                       [Someone=Omitted]

Sentence

Def: Sentence is a group of word that gives a complete sense.
As: I have a pen. They are poor. Bangladesh is our homeland. We love our country and the people. These group of words complete the meaning. Therefore they are sentence.


On the other hand:  Consider the following sentences: 
Pen have I a. Lokman an  effective man living  in is Kolabagan. These are  not sentences  Because they can not finish complete sense. 


The  three things for a sentence: 
1. It is a group of words arranged in a particular order or proper order and  it make a complete sense.
2. The first word must begin with Capital letter.
3. The sentence  must end with proper punctuation mark.


Two parts of a sentence:
1.Subject  2. Predicate.


Subject: In  the sentence  the person who works is called subject. Subject  may be person or things. But it must contain a noun phrase or  noun or pronoun that contain a  nominative  case  but it never be a possessive case. 
Alam is a man. Seema is a woman. They are separate gender. [But we never write Alam's are  man. Or, Seema's are woman.]


Predicate: In the sentence from verb to the end part is called predicate. On the other  hand it says something  about the subject.
Ram and his three brothers are in number four. We were reading  for four  hours. [ Here 'are four' and 'were reading for four hours' are predicate.]
Kinds  of  sentence: According to the source sentences are of five kinds but they are all simple sentence.
They are  1. Assertive Sentence 2. Interrogative Sentence 3. Imperative Sentence 4. Optative Sentence  and 5. Exclamatory Sentence.


Assertive Sentence: The sentence that indicate general description is called assertive sentence. As: We are poor. Allah is rich. Allah is the lord of the universe. We are the result of His programme. [ At the end of an Assertive sentence  a full stop(.) is required.]


Interrogative sentence: The sentence that ask something is called Interrogative sentence. As:  Where are you living this month?  What is the time by your watch? [ Hence note of interrogation(?) is required at the end of an interrogative sentence .]


Imperative  Sentence: The sentence that indicate order, advice, request etc. are known as Imperative sentence. As:  Do the  sum. Let me write the paragraph. Please give me a pen. [ Hence  full stop (.) is required at the end of an Imperative sentence.]


Optative Sentence: The sentence that indicate  pray or wish is known as Optative sentence. As:  May Allah help us. Long live  our country. May you be happy in your life. [ Hence  full stop (.) is required.]

Exclamatory sentence:The sentence that express strong feeling or wonder is known as Exclamatory sentence. As:  How  beautiful the bird is! Bravo! we won the game. Hurrah! we passed in the examination.[ Hence  Note of exclamation  (!) is required.]

 According to the construction sentences are of three kinds: They are 1. Simple  sentence 2. Complex sentence 3. Compound sentence.

Simple sentence:  The sentence that contains a subject  and a finite verb ( with object)  is a simple sentence. As: Mahbub is my friend. He is from Mymensingh. Salam is  my elder brother. He lived Surja Sen Hall. [Structure : Subject  + Verb + Object.] 

NB. We can say that first five kinds of sentences are also simple sentence.

Complex Sentence: The sentence that contains a principal clause and one or more sub-ordinate clauses is called complex sentence. As:  He is honest though he is poor. You must have heard that Hazrat Rabeya Basri was a great saint. 


NB. The following conjunctions are used  before  sub-ordinate clauses of complex sentences. They are : that, when, why, who, which, where  how, if ,  whether,  because,  as, though, until, till, unless, before, after etc.

Compound sentence:  The sentence that  contains two or more principal clauses are known as compound sentence. As: The man is rich but not happy. The boy came here and returned at once.Read regularly or you will not do well in the examination.


NB: The following conjunctions are available in the compound sentence. They are:  and, but, or, both --- and, not only --- but also, neither nor, either or,  otherwise, therefore, On the contrary  etc. 

Conjunctions

Conjunctions

Definition: A conjunction is a part of speech that connects two or more words, phrases, clauses or sentences. Conjunctions are generally two types:1. Cumulative or copulative

And: Seema and Rima are two sisters.
Rice and curry is our staple food.
We saw him playing and shouting with the boys.
 Both—and: Both Mina and Rina passed the examination.
Both Lubna and Seema got scholarship.
Both Hanif and Matin give up their education at tender age.
 No less--- than: You are no less fit for the job than he.
Salma is no less fit for the first than Mina.

As well as: The president as well as the secretary has come.

Not only ---but also: He is not only a thief but also a culprit.
Mr. Rahman is not only a teacher but also a philosopher.
1.2 Alternative or Disjunctive:
Either --- or: Either Ruby or Baby did this work.
Either Sumi or Juthi said the fact.
Neither --- nor: Neither Mini nor Tinni passed in the exam.
Or: Study hard or you will fail in the exam.
 Otherwise: Pray to God otherwise you will fail to have heaven.
1.3 Adversative:

But: He is poor but honest.
 Yet: He is rich yet he is unhappy.
Still: He is rich still he unhappy.
 However: He behaves rudely with me however I love him.
 Only: Use the machine only take care that you don’t break it.
Nevertheless: He did not study hard nevertheless he passed the exam.
On the contrary: He is an honest man on the contrary his son is a thief. I did not want to do any
harm to you on the contrary I wanted to help you.
 While : While he was sleeping I entered in his room.
 Whereas: He is an honest whereas his son is dishonest.
1.4 Illative:

Therefore: He has starved for three days therefore he has become weak.

Consequently: They are living here for many days consequently they know all of the matter of that place.
For: It has been raining for three days. For him I can do everything. For her he can sacrifice his life.
As a result: We worked hard as a result we passed in the examination.

2. Subordinating: 

2.1 Time:

Till: Wait till I return.
 Until: Wait here until I come back.
 Before: The patient had died before the doctor came. He has reached there before the rain.
 When: I will be present when you call me.
 While: Don’t play while you are reading.
 Since: I have not seen him since he was four.
 2.2 Cause or reason:
 As: As I was ill I could not attend the class.
 Because:I could not attend the meeting because I was ill.
 Since: Since I was ill I could not attend the meeting.
 2.3 Purpose:
 That: We eat that we may live.
 So that: We eat so that we may live.
 In order that: We read in order that we may be wise.
 Lest: Walk fast lest you should miss the train.
 2.4. Condition:
If: If you come, I shall go. If you did it, you would shine. If I had done the work, I would have rewarded.
 Unless: He will not respect you unless you respect him.
 Whether or not: It does not matter whether you there or not.
 Provided: You can enter the room provided you are a student. We shall give you the job provided he is an MA.
 2.5. Effect:
 So -- that: He studied so hard that he passed in the first division. He is so weak that he cannot walk.
 2.6 Comparison:
 Than: This circle is bigger than that. That circle is smaller than this.
 As -- as: Mina is as intelligent as Rina. Panna
 So --- as: Panna is not so tall as Hira.
 2.7 . Manner:
 As --- so: As you sow so you reap. As you will work so you get.
 According as: He will get according as he wants.
 2.8. Concession or contrast:
 Though: Though he is weak, he can walk fast.
 As: Rich is as he is.
 However: However rich he is he is, he is unhappy.
 2.9. Introductory sense
 I know him. That he is a good man is known to me.
 2.10. Apposition
 The Rumor that his son becomes a thief is false.
3. Correlative Conjunction:

As---as: He ate as much as he could. He is as strong as lion.

So ---as: He is not so strong as a lion.
 The same ---as: This is the same book as that.
 Both ---and: Both Rahim and Karim had done this.
 Either---or: Either Karim or Rahim had done this.
 Neither ---- nor: Neither Karim Nor Rahim had done this.
 No sooner --- than: No sooner had we reached the station than the train started.
 The same -----that: This is the same book that I want.
 Such ---as: He is not such a good man as we thought.
 Such --- that: Such was the danger that none of us could escape.
 Whether --- or no: I do not care whether you help me or not.
 Though ---- yet: Though he is rich yet he is unhappy.
 Scarcely --- when: Scarcely had we reached the station when the train started.
Hardly --- when: Hardly had we reached the station when the train started.

How to Translate from Bengali to English

Everybody who would like to know English using his or her mother tongue can practice translation well.Bangla or Bengali is a language that is also full of translation. In this chapter I would like to provide a translation method for non - Bengali speaker so that he will be able to speak Bengali in his or her own language.

The first thing in translation,  is  the structure of  sentences in a language . So we should aware about  the structure of sentences.


continued