Active and Passive Voice

Active voice: When the verb of a subject is active  its own, then we can say  it  an active voice.
Examples: I do the  work. Karim eats rice. Salma reads a book. Kobita is eating bread.


Passive Voice: When the verb of a subject  become in active  then it is called passive voice.
Examples: The work is done by me. Rice is eaten by Karim. A book is read by Salma.


NB: She  is done  the work. A book  have had  by me. She  is gone  to school. We think  these are not  voice, but  they may be some special sentence. On the other hand it does not en-broaden linguistic beauty of the sentence.

Rules of  Changing voice: 

1.     Present Indefinite

q  Object of active becomes the subject of passive voice. Subject  becomes object with possessive form and by.  Auxiliary verb am, is, are places before main verb. Main verb transforms into past  participle. in brief: 

     obj---------------- subject
     Subj ------------- by+ object
     AV -------------- am, is, are
     verb -------------past participle 

      
       Examples:     

q  Mahmooda  reads a book.
= A book is  read by Mahmooda.

q  She eats bread.
= Bread is eaten by her.

R-2.  Present Continuous:

  Object of the active voice becomes  the  subject  of  the passive voice and the subject of the active voice become object of the passive voice with by. Auxiliary verb ‘am, is, are’ places before ‘being’. Being uses for ‘ing’. Main verb will use as past participle. As:

•   I am reading a book. = A book is being  read by me.

•  He is eating rice. = Rice is being eaten by him.

•  She is doing the sum. = The sum is being done by her. 

R-3.  Present Perfect:

   Object  of active voice becomes subject of passive voice. Subject becomes object  using possessive case and by. ‘Have been and has been used before past participle.

 a. I have read a book. =A book has been read by me.

 b. He has  written a letter. = A Letter has been written by him.

R-4. Simple Past or Indefinite:

 q  Object of the active voice becomes  the  subject  of  the passive and the subject becomes object of the passive with Possessive and by. Auxiliary verb “was, were” places before past participle. Main verb transform into past participle.

     Examples:

  q  We ate rice. = Rice was eaten by us.

  q  She wrote a letter. = A letter was written by her.

   R-5. Past Progressive:

  q  Object of active  voice becomes the subject of passive voice and subject of active voice becomes object with possessive form and by. To be verb was were places before past participle. Being uses for ‘ing’.

                    Examples:

  q  I was eating rice. = Rice was being eaten by me.

  q  He was eating bread. = Bread was being eaten by him.

R-6. Past Perfect:

  q  Object of active voice becomes  the subject  of the  passive voice and subject becomes object with by. ‘had been placed before past participle.

     Examples:

  q  I had given a book. = A book had been given by me.

  q   She had loved Mr. Karim. = Mr. Karim had been loved by her.

  q  He had done the work. =The work had been done by him.

R-7. Future Simple:

  q  Object of passive  becomes subject of active. Subject becomes  object with by. Shall be/ will be places before  past participle.

      Examples:

  q  I shall give a pen. = A pen will be given by me.

  q  She will eat rice. = Rice will be eaten by her.

R-8. Future Continuous:

 q  Object becomes subject of passive voice and  subject becomes object like before  using by. To be verb ‘shall be, will be’ uses after subject. ‘Being’ uses for ‘ing’.  Then places past participle.

       Examples:

 q  I shall be loving him.

        =  He will be being loved  by me.

 q  She will be eating rice.

        = Rice will be being eaten by her.

R-9. Future Perfect:

q  Object of the active voice becomes the  subject  of the passive voice and  subject of active voice  becomes  object  using by, auxiliary  verb ‘will have been’ uses  after subject. Then uses past  participle.

     Examples:

q   I shall have done the work.

       P: The  work will have been done by me.

q  She will have eaten rice.

      = Rice will have been eaten by her.

R-10. Interrogative Sentence:

q  To change the voice of interrogative sentence , we  at first  have  to change  it into  assertive , then we change its voice and again transform it into interrogative sentence. Thus the solution solves.

                  Examples:

q  Do you read the book?

   [A: You  read the book.

    AP: The book is read by you.]

    = Is the book read by you?

q  Do you eat rice ?

   [A: You  eat rice.

    AP: Rice is eaten by you.]

    =Is rice eaten  by you?

R-11.Interrogative  with ‘wh’ word.

q  If the question word ‘who’ uses at the  beginning  of the sentence then the  question  word ‘who’ changes into ‘whom’ taking a preposition ‘by’ then we change the rest part of the sentence. But the other ‘wh’ word does not work like this. 

      Examples:

q   A: Who eats rice?

      P: By whom is rice eaten?

q   A:Who taught you English?

       P: By whom were you taught English?

q   A: What  do you want?

     P: What is wanted by you?

R-12. Negative Sentence:

q  In this case we can use after the subject and verb.

Now we can follow these sentences :

q  A: I do not like puffed rice.

   P: Puffed  rice is not liked by me.

q  A: Reza will not call you.

   P: You will not be called  by Reza.

R-13. Reflexive Pronoun:

q  Reflexive pronoun never becomes subject so it transform the following way:

q  A: He killed himself.

   P: He was killed by himself.

q  A:Salma did herself.

   P: Salma was done herself.

R-14. Imperative Sentence:

Active: Imperative	Passive: Let +S +v +pp
Do the work at once.	Let the work be done
Post the letter.	Let the letter be posted.
Shut  the door.	Let the letter be posted.
Prepare for the worst.	Be  prepare for the worst.

15. Imperative Sentence : With let
q  If let remains beginning of the  sentence ‘let’ doesn’t change but the other parts change like this.

q   A: Let him read the book.

           P: Let the book be read by him.

16. Retained Object:

q  If any verb of an active  voice  has  two objects, there any one object will be subject  and the other remains as object. It is known as retained object.

       Example:

q   A: He gave me a pen

         P: I was given a pen by him.

        = A pen was given for  me by him.

q     A: Mr. Tofazzal taught us English.
 P: English was taught to us by Mr. Tofazzal.

      NB: Indirect object always sits before direct object. If the rule            breaks,  it must take a preposition  before indirect object.

17.Quasi Passive verb:

q  The following structure follows quasi passive verb rules.

q  Structure: Sub. + be verb + adj /adv + when + pronoun + be verb  + Past participle (of main verb).

q  A: Rice sells cheap.

    P: Rice is cheap when it is sold.

q  A: Honey tastes sweet.

    P: Honey is sweet when it is tasted.

18. With cognate object:

q  Generally intransitive  verb has no object . The object that contains  by an intransitive verb is  known as cognate object.

q    A: He ran a race.

      P: A race was ran by him.

q    A:He dreamt a dream.

      P: A dream was dreamt by him.

q    A: The patient slept a sound sleep.

           P: A sound sleep was slept by the patient.

19. Uses as Causatively:

q  Sometimes intransitive verbs uses as causatively. In this case active voice is also converted into passive voice.

q  A:The trainer walked the horse after the race.

         P: The horse was walked after the race.

q  A:They have stood the table  against the wall.

         P: The table has been stood  against the wall by them.

R.20. Voice change group verb:

q  Group verbs are also convertible to passive. Look the following sentences.

q    A: Call in a doctor.

     P: Let a doctor be called.

q  A: He laughed at me.

     P: I was laughed at by him.

q  A: We should  not laughed at  the lame man.                     
   P: A lame man would not be laughed at by us.

q  A: We talked of them. 
    P: They were talked  of  by us.

R-21. Voice of  Factitive Object:

q      Voice of factitive object changes the following  way:

q      A: We made him captain.
   P: He was made captain by us.

q     A: They elected him chairman.
   P: He  was elected  chairman by them.

q     A: They made him king.
   P: He was made king by them.

R - 22. Complex Sentence.

q  Both side of complex sentence must change.

q  A: I know what he does. 
   P: What is done by him is known to me.

q  A: I ate rice and drank a glass of water. 
   P : Rice was eaten and a glass of water was drunk by me.

R - 23. Voice of infinitives:

q  Only ‘be’ uses after ‘to’ and verbs becomes past participle.

q  A: There are a lot of things to do.
P: There are a lot of things to be done.

q  A: There is no time to lose.
P: There is no time to be lost.

q  A: You have to admit this.
P: This has to be admitted by you.

R-24. Particular or exceptions:

q  A: Come here.
    P: You are requested to come here.

q  A: Go there:
P: You are requested to go there.

q  A: One should keep one’s promise.
P: A promise should be kept.           [by one =omitted]

q  A: Someone stole my pen.
P: My pen was stolen.                       [Someone=Omitted]