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Sufix and Prefix

Suffix and prefix
Lesson1:     Suffix spelling rules:
1. When a word ends with a consonant and the suffix begins with a consonant, just  add  the suffix with no spelling  changes.
Examples:
 Entertainment(entertain + ment)
Advertisement(advertise + ment)
Regretful (regret + ful)

2. For more words ending  in  a single  consonant  we need to double  the  last letter when  we add suffixes. This is especially true for one  syllable word. Examples:
run + ing = running
fun+ y = funny

3. When the one syllable word  ends  with more  than  one consonant, the  last letter is not  doubled. Examples:
start + ing = starting
ring + ing = ringing

4. For words with more than one syllable  and end with  letter “L”  we   must double the “L” when  adding suffixes. Examples:
expel + ed = expelled
cancel + ed = cancelled

5. Words that are stressed on the last syllable and end with a single consonant, we need to double the last letter. Examples:
refer + ing = referring
begin + er =beginner

6. Words that are not stressed on the last syllable , we do not need  to double  the last  letter. Examples:
benefit + ed = benefited
offer + ing = offering

7.  The words ending with a consonant with “Y” should turn  to “I” when adding  the suffix “ness” . When adding the suffix “ing” to a word ending with “Y” = we keep the “Y” unchanged. Examples:
lonely + ness = loneliness
happy + ness = happiness
copy + ing = copying

* If the suffix start with consonant  and  the Words ends with  silent “E”, we only drop the  silent “E”.
simple + y = simply
double +y = doubly
 

Formation of Nouns
Common Nouns
Derivatives
Suffixes
Liar(মিথ্যাবাদী)
-ar
Examiner (পরীক্ষক)
Singer(গায়ক)


-er
Fighter (যোদ্ধা)
Reader (পাঠক)
Killer (হত্যাকারী)
Speaker (বক্তা)
Lawyer (উকিল), Convener (আহবায়ক)
Teacher (শিক্ষক)
Ruler (শাসক)
Writer (লেখক)
Auctioneer (নিলামদার)
Pamphleteer (পুস্তিকা লেখক)
- eer
Mountaineer (পর্বতারোহী)
Sonneteer (সনেট রচয়িতা )
Actor(অভিনেতা)
Sailor (নাবিক)

-or
Operator  (চালক)
Supervisor (তত্ত্বাবধায়ক)
Absentee (অনুপস্থিত)
Traitor (বিশ্বাসঘাতক)
Addressee (চিঠির প্রাপক)
Nominee (মনোনীত ব্যাক্তি)

- ee
Employee (নিযুক্ত ব্যাক্তি)
Payee (যাকে প্রদান করা হয়)
Actress (অভিনেত্রী)
Trainee (শিক্ষার্থী)
Hostess (গৃহকর্ত্রী)
Governess (গৃহ শিক্ষিকা)

- ess
Lioness (সিংহী )
Poetess (মহিলা কবি)

Tigress (বাঘিনী)
Electrician (ইলেক্ট্রিক মিস্ত্রি)
Musician (সংগীতজ্ঞ)

- ian
Historian (ঐতিহাসিক)
Comedian (কৌতুকাভিনেতা)
Artist (চিত্রকর)
Optimist (আশাবাদী)

- ist
Dramatist (নাট্যকার)
Pessimist নৈরাশ্যবাদী)
Novelist (উপন্যাসিক)
Theist (ঈশ্বরবিশ্বাসী)

Words like: beggar, hawker, editor, donator, are not formed by suffixing. They existed  in English .  Words like : beg, hawk, edit,  donate  are formed  by subtracting:  -ar, -er,  -or. This process is called Back- formation. Some  other words of this kind  are:  burglar, sidling, darkling, greedy, gloomy, puppy, petty etc.

Abstract Nouns
Suffixes
Words
-al
Arrival, approval, denial, refusal, removal, renewal.
-age
Bondage, marriage, drainage, orphanage, package, stoppage
-ance
Attendance, endurance, abundance, hindrance,  disturbance, utterance.
-ence
Difference, presence, innocence, reference, patience, remiscence
-dom
Freedom, martyrdom, kingdom, wisdom.
-hood
Boyhood, brotherhood, childhood,  manhood,  falsehood,  motherhood.
-ment
Argument, development, arrangement, judgment, amazement, punishment, employment, treatment.
-ism
Barbarism, Bhuddhism, criticism, Hinduism, magnetism, patriotism, modernism, parallelism
--ness
Boldness, kindness, happiness, sharpness,  hardness, goodness, softness, sweetness
-ship
Captainship, kingship, friendship, lordship, hardship, scholarship, membership, township.
-tion
Acquisition, production, action, selection, addition, tradition.
-ation
Agitation, motivation, examination, reformation, information, separation, conformation, stagnation.
-sion
Admission, illusion, collision, inclusion, confession, exclusion, excursion, provision.
-cy
Accuracy, normalcy, decency, tendency, emergency, urgency.
-logy
Analogy, oceanology, biology, psychology, ecology, zoology.
-ery
Bakery, jewellery, cookery, nursery, fishery, slavery, .
-red
Hatred, kindred.
-ion
Opinion, union,
-ry
Ancestry, gentry, cavalry, peasantry, gallantry, rivalry.
-ty
Certainty, safety, cruelty, surety.
-ter
Laughter, slaughter.
-t
Height, sight, plight
-th
Breadth, depth, growth, length, health, strength.
-ity
Ability, necessity, activity, divinity, unity, vivacity.
-tude
Aptitude, altitude, fortitude, latitude, attitude, longitude
-ture
Candidature, texture, creature, debenture, departure, literature.

Formation of Diminutives
-kin
Lambkin, napkin
-en
Chicken, kitten,
-let
Islet, rivulet, booklet, leaflet, hamlet, cloudlet
-et
Coronet, lancet,
-ette
Cigarette, statuette,
-ling
sapling, duckling,
--y
Baby, kitty,
ock
Hillock, paddock
Formation of Adjectives
Suffixes
Words

-al
additional, devotional, beneficial, educational, ceremonial, eternal, coastal, legal, cultural, mental, memorial, official, moral, historical, national, horizontal, natural, vertical, nominal, provisional.
Suffixes
Words

-able
Admirable, desirable, believable, drinkable, comfortable, inseparable, comparable, preferable, considerable, punishable, honorable, reliable, marriageable, reasonable, measurable, suitable, memorable, unable, preventable, valuable.
-ible
Accessible, legible, admissible, permissible, edible, responsible, incorrigible, sensible, intelligible, visible.
-an
Indian, Italian, Belgian, Olympian, human, Victorian.
-ar
Circular, popular, familiar, regular.
-ate
Considerate, moderate, fortunate, temperate.
-en
Earthen, silken, golden, wooden.
-ed
Agitated, excited, boiled, hunted, cultured, interested, disappeared, pleased, delighted, surprised.
-ic
Artistic, domestic, electronic, patriotic, economic, tragic, historic, public.
-id
Fluid, rapid, lucid, vivid.
-ile
Erectile, servile, juvenile, textile.
-cal
Aeronautical, medical, botanical, fiscal, classical, political, critical, practical, mechanical, tropical.
-ish
Bookish, hellish, boyish, reddish, childish, selfish, feverish, Turkish, foolish, yellowish.
-ful
Awful, forgetful, beautiful, thoughtful, faithful, tasteful, grateful, thankful. Hopeful,  useful.
-fold
Manifold, threefold.
-ive
Active, destructive, attentive, effective, attractive, expensive, creative, inclusive, collective, negative, preventive, productive.
-less
Aimless, faithless, baseless, fearless, careless, helpless, colourless, homeless, endless, hopeless, meaningless, thankless, pitiless, tireless, restless, tasteless, senseless, thoughtless, sleepless, useless.
-like
Childlike, humanlike.
-ly
Beastly, lonely, costly, lovely, daily, monthly,  earthly, nightly, friendly, weekly,.
-some
Burdensome, gladsome, quarrelsome, loathsome, tiresome, wearisome, troublesome, wholesome.
-esque
Burlesque, picturesque, grotesque, picaresque.
-y
Advisory, heavy, airy, healthy, angry, needy, bloody, noisy, cloudy, thirsty.
Formations of Verbs
Suffixes
Verbs
-ate
Activate, isolate, captivate, translate, formulate, violate.
-en
Awaken, lengthen, darken, quicken, enlighten, strengthen, enliven, soften, frighten, widen.
-er
Batter, flutter, chatter, glitter.
-fy
Beautify, intensify, clarify, exemplify, classify, justify, identify, magnify, edify, purify, rectify, glorify, satisfy, simplify, terrify, vivify.
-ise/ize
Apologize, magnetize, centralize, nationalize, civilize, naturalize, criticize, organize, familiarize, popularize, dramatize, scrutinize, legalize, symbolize, mechanize, sympathise, memories, universalize, realize, vitalize.
-ish
Abolish, flourish, banish, nourish, finish, publish,
-se
cleanse, rinse.
-sce
Evanesce, reminisce,

Formation of Adverbs
Suffixes
Adverbs
-ly
Abruptly, boldly, absolutely, broadly, accurately, certainly, actively, clearly, attentively, collectively, confidently, directly, courageously, eagerly, correctly, earnestly, dangerously, easily, deeply, entirely, exactly, freshly, fairly, gladly, firstly, happily, formerly, hardly,  freely, innocently, jointly, neatly, lastly, nicely, largely, partly, madly, popularly, mostly, pleasantly, possibly, sadly, presently, sharply, quickly, shortly, rapidly, sincerely, recently, wisely, additionally, centrally, actually, dramatically, beautifully, fearfully, boastfully, hopefully, carefully, partially, pitifully, usefully, successfully,  wholly, wonderfully, annually.
-ward(s)
Afterwards, forwards, backwards, homewards, downwards, upwards.
-wise
Clockwise, likewise, crosswise, otherwise, lengthwise, sidewise.


Prefix:
Def: ‘Pre’ means before and ‘fixe’ means to add. So Prefixes are letter or letters added at the start or beginning of a word.
Prefixes
Words
-a (in, on, up, from, without)
abed, ashore, abet, asleep, amuse, atheist, anew, arise, afloat, alight, apathy, away.
-ab (bad, off away from
abuse,  abnormal.
-al (all)
almighty, almost, altogether.
-ante (before, beside)
Antecedent, antedate, antechamber, anterior , antemeridiem
-anti (against)
antiaircraft, antibody, antichrist, anticlockwise, anticlimax, antibiotic, antisocial, antidote, anticipate, antiseptic.
-arch (chief)
archbishop, archfiend, archenemy, archvillain.
-auto (self)
autobiography, automatic, autocracy, automobile, autograph, autonomy.
-be (by)
Before, belittle, befriend, beside, befool, befit.
-bi (two, twice)
bicycle, bicentenary, bifocal, bilingual, bilateral, bisect, biweekly, biennial.
-by (near via post)
by-elcetion , by-gone, by-law, by-pass, by-name, by-product.
-co (with)
coincide, co-education, co-curricular, co-exist, co-equal, co-operate.
-counter (against)
counter-attack, counter-part, counter-change, counter-sign, counter-claim, counter-check, counter-foil, counter-vail.
-de (reversal)
decamp, decode, defame, demerit, deforestation, dehydration, deform, degrade, dethrone.
-dis (not)
disadvantage, disaffirm, disagree, disallow, disappear, discourage,  disappoint, disarm, disconnect, discover, dislike, discredit.
-em (to put into)
Embody, empower.
-en (to put/make into)
Enable, enact, encage, en-cash, enchant, enforce, engrave, enhance, enjoy,  enlarge, encircle, enclose, encounter, encourage, endanger, enlighten, enlist, enrich, ensure, entitle.
-ex (former)
exanimate, exchange, exclude, exhale, ex-military, ex-gratia, ex-officio, ex-parte, ex-student, extract. 
-extra (beyond)
Extra-curricular, extraordinary, extravagant, extra-special.
-fore (before)
Forearm, forecast, foretell, forefather, forefront, foresee.
Prefixes
Words
-il (not, without)
illegal, illegible, illegitimate, illicit, illiterate, illogical.
-im (not)
immaterial, immature, immemorial, immodest, immoral, impatient, impeach, impend, imperfect, import, immoral, immovable, impart, impartial, impassion, imperial, imperishable, impersonal, impiety, impossible.
-in (not)
inability, inactive, inadequate, inadmissible, inanimate, inconvenience,  incorrect, incredible, indefinite, indiscipline, inseparable, independent, indifference, inedible, inefficient, inexpensive, inapplicable, inattentive, inaudible, inborn, incomplete, indirect, infinite, ingratitude, inhuman, injustice, insignificant, insincere, insufficient, invalid, invisible.
-inter (between, amongst)
interact, interchange, intercom, interlink, intermediate, international, interschool, intersect, interview, interweave.
-ir (not)
irrational, irregular, irrelevant, irreplaceable, irresistible, irrespective, irresponsible, irresponsive, irreversible, irrevocable.
-mal (bad)
maladjustment, mal-distribution,  malnutrition, malpractice.
-mis (bad, wrong)
Misadventure, misbehave, mis-belief, misconception, misconduct, mischief, mishap, misinterpret, misjudge, misleading, miscount, misfortune, misfire, misgiving, misguide, mismanage,  misplace, misprint, misunderstand, misuse. 
-mono (single)
Monochromatic, monoglot, monologue, monosyllable.
-multi (many, much)
multi-coloured, multimillionaire, multinational, multistoried.
-non (not)
non-collegiate, non-cooperate, non-delivery, non-existence, non-entity,  non-issue,  non-sense, non-resident, non-stop, non-violence.
-out (away, better)
outbreak, outdo, outgrow, outhouse, outlaw, outlay, outlet, outlet.
-over (upper, excessive)
overactive, overburden, overcast, overconfidence, overdose, overhead, overlap,  overnight.
-pan (all)
pan-American, pan-Islam, pantheism, panoptic.
-post (after)
Postdated, postgraduate, postmeridian, postmortem, post-lunch, postwar.
-pre (before)
Prearrange, precursor, predetermine, preface, prefix, prehistoric, premature, preposition, pretest, prewar.
-re (again)
reaction, rebirth, rebuild, recover, recount, re-count, refill, reinforce, rejoice, renew, reopen, reappear, rearrange, recast, reconsider, re-examine,  re-cover, re-organise, reprint, replay, republic, rewrite.
-semi (half)
semi-axis,  semi-circle,  semi-colon,  semi-final,  semi-official,  semi-vowel.
-sub (under, below)
Subclass, sub-clause, subcommittee, subconscious, subcontinent, substandard, subdivision, subeditor, subhuman, sub-inspector, sub-marine, subway.
-super (above)
Superficial,  superfine, superman, supermarket, supernatural, supersonic, superstructure, supervise.
-trans (across, beyond)
Transaction, transatlantic, transfigure, transform, transliterate, transparent, transplant, transport.
-tele (distant)
Telecast, telegraph, telemeter, telephone, telescope, television.
-ultra ( extreme)
ultraism, ultrasonic, ultramodern, ultraviolet.
-un (not)
Unable, unacceptable, unaccompanied, unaccomplished, unaccustomed, unaware, unbeaten,   uncanny, unceremonious, uncertain,  uncomfortable,  uncommon, unconscious, uncultured, undecided, uneducated, unemployed, unending, unequal, unerring, unfed, unfiltered, unfit, unfold, unfortunate, unhurt, unhygienic, uninteresting, uninterrupted, unless, unnoticed, unofficial, unorganized, unpaid, unparalleled,  unprivileged, unprofessional, unreal, unreasonable, unrest, unaffected, unanimous, unapproved, unasked, unavoidable, unchanged, unchaste, unchecked, uncivil, unclaimed, undisturbed, undivided, undoubted, undue, uneasy, uneven, unexpected, unfair, unfaithful, unfamiliar, unfriendly, ungrateful, unhappy, unhealthy, unholy, unlike,  unlimited, unmixed, unnatural, unnecessary, unplanned, unpleasant, unpolished, unprecedented, unprepared, unsafe, unsocial, untimely, unwilling, unwise.
-vice (in place of)
Vice-admiral, vice-chairman, voice-chancellor, vice -principal.

                                               Exercise:
Complete the text adding suffixes, prefixes or, the both with root words given in the parenthesis.
Mr. Habib was driving, to his office in the morning.  He had started late as usual. His car stopped at a traffic signal. As the lights became green, the car in the front was not moving. The driver got down from the car and was asking for (a) ------- (assist) ----. Mr. Habib became so (b) ------- (anger) -----. He had become very (c) ---- (popular) ------- in the office for being late every day. He was (d) ---(certain) ---- going to be late again. He could the face of his boss in his (e) ---imagine) -----. An important (f) ------- (agree) ----would be signed in his office and  he had to reach a bit early. He would (g) ---probable) ----- lose his job for that irresponsible act. His boss won’t be (h) --- (different) ----- to his irresponsible acts any  more. Mr.  Habib  got nervous thinking  of  his  fate. So many people have become (i) ---- (employee) --- in last few weeks! His hands were trembling as he started driving fast. But he should think about his safety and drive more (j) --- care) ------.

      Md. Moheb Ullah
                                          English Teacher
                                                      M.A. (English), M.Ed. Thesis DU)
                                      Dhanmondi Govt. Boys' High School, Dhaka 1207

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