Participles

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Def: A Participle is a  form of verb  working as both an adjective  and  a  verb in  the sentence.
Participles are of three kinds:
1. Present Participle
2. Past  Participle
3. Perfect  Participle
Present participle : A present participle exprecesses an action going on. It is formed  by  adding - 'ing' to verb  in the sentence. When  a  participle  works  as an  adjective , it qualifies  the noun.
In other words a present participle works both as a verb  and an adjective.
Examples: (a) A rolling stone gathers no moss.(rolling  qualifies stone). (b) The hunter looked at the flying bird (flying qualifies bird). (c) We saw him running (running indicates that the action of the verb was going on).(d) The beauty of rising sun charms all (rising  qualifies sun). (e) Give me some writing paper (writing  indicates paper). (f) I found the  boy standing (standing  qualifies the boy).
Past Participle: It is the past participle  form of verb. It works  as a verb and an  adjective.
Examples: a. A burned child dreads the fire.b. The president came to visit the eroded riverbanks. c. There is a broken chair in the room. d. They will not receive the rejected goods. e. Bulbul has built a house.
In the above sentences 'burnt, eroded, broken, rejected' qualify the  nouns  child, riverbanks, chair, goods, respectively. Built indicates  what  Bulbul has done.
Perfect-participle: It is formed by using  having  before the past participle . Perfect  Participle  also works as verb and adjectives.
Examples: a. Having reached  home , he went straight to his mother. b. Having read the book , he gave it to me. c. Having seen the film, we shed tears. d. Having informed of the incident , he  went  to the spot.

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